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Date: 07-09-2020
Case Style:
STATE OF OHIO -vs- ROCKY STUBBS
Case Number: 2019CA0020
Judge: Earle E. Wise, Jr.
Court: COURT OF APPEALS COSHOCTON COUNTY, OHIO FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
Plaintiff's Attorney: CHRISTIE M. L. THORNSLEY
Defendant's Attorney:
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{¶ 2} On January 25, 2019, Detective Tim Bethel of the Coshocton County
Sheriff's Department approached the trial court for two warrants following a 6-month
investigation first involving Charles Kirkpatrick, and in the final month, involving Stubbs.
Bethel sought a warrant for the residences of both Stubbs and Kirkpatrick.
{¶ 3} Bethel's investigation began in July of 2018 using confidential informants to
purchase prescription pills from Kirkpatrick. Later in the investigation, Bethel was advised
by two different informants Kirkpatrick could get them cocaine from "Rocky" who
Kirkpatrick bragged had the highest quality cocaine.
{¶ 4} The informants advised Bethel they had purchased cocaine through
Kirkpatrick in the past, with Kirkpatrick acting as the middleman. The informants were not
permitted to travel with Kirkpatrick to Stubbs' home, but rather had to wait at Kirkpatrick's
home until he returned with the informants' purchase.
{¶ 5} On January 24, 2019, Bethel set up a controlled buy. For the transaction,
the informants were wired with audio recording devices and given $900 in buy money.
The informants and their car were searched for contraband and found free of the same.
Once at Kirkpatrick's home, in a turn from normal events, Kirkpatrick accepted a ride from
the informants to Stubbs' home, but he still required them to wait in the car. Officers were
Coshocton County, Case No. 2019CA0020 3
stationed outside both Kirkpatrick's and Stubbs' home surveilling the operation with video
recording devices.
{¶ 6} Officers observed Kirkpatrick entering Stubbs' home alone. He emerged
approximately five minutes later and gave the informants their cocaine. Kirkpatrick was
heard advising the informants "Rocky" was home alone, was bored, and had asked
Kirkpatrick to snort a few lines of cocaine with him.
{¶ 7} Based on this investigation, on January 25, 2019, Detective Bethel
requested warrants to search the homes of Kirkpatrick and Stubbs.
{¶ 8} The warrant for Stubbs' home was executed on January 29, 2019, following
a second controlled buy carried out in the same fashion as the first. Officers located both
large and small baggies of cocaine, scales, baggies, cell phones and cash.
{¶ 9} On February 22, 2019, the Coshocton County Grand Jury returned a threecount indictment charging Stubbs with two counts of trafficking in cocaine, felonies of the
third degree, and one count of trafficking in cocaine, a felony of the first degree. The first
degree felony trafficking also carried a major drug offender specification and three
forfeiture specifications; two for automobiles and one for United States currency all of
which were confiscated during a search of Stubbs' home.
{¶ 10} Stubbs pled not guilty to the charge and on May 17, 2019, filed a motion to
suppress. On July 31, 2019 the court heard the arguments of the parties and the parties
submitted two joint exhibits. No witnesses were called by either party. Joint Exhibit 1 is a
copy of the affidavit, search warrant, and return on the warrant of Stubbs' home. Joint
Exhibit 2 is the recorded testimony of Detective Bethel taken during his request for the
warrants. On August 7, 2019, the trial court denied Stubbs' motion to suppress.
Coshocton County, Case No. 2019CA0020 4
{¶ 11} On October 21, 2019, Stubbs entered pleas of no contest to each count of
the indictment and its specifications. The trial court ordered Stubbs to serve 30 months
for count one, 30 months for count two, and 11 years for count three with the major drug
offender specification. The trial court ordered Stubbs to serve the sentences
consecutively.
{¶ 12} Stubbs filed an appeal and the matter is now before this court for
consideration. He raises three assignments of error as follow:
I
{¶ 13} "THE TRIAL COURT SHOULD HAVE GRANTED STUBB'S MOTION TO
SUPPRESS: A. STUBBS'S WARRANT WAS UNSUPPORTED BY PROBABLE CAUSE:
THE AFFIANT DID NOT ESTABLISH THE RELIABILITY OF THE SOURCE OF THE
AFFIANT'S INFORMATION, AND THE AFFIANT DID NOT CORROBORATE
SOURCE'S INFORMATION THROUGH POLICE INVESTIGATION. B. STUBB'S
WARRANT WAS UNSUPPORTED BY PROBABLE CAUSE: THE ONLY STATEMENTS
ABOUT CRIMINAL CONDUCT BY STUBBS CAME THROUGH DOUBLE HEARSAY
FILTERED TO THE MAGISTRATE, WHICH NEITHER ESTABLISHED ITS TRUTH OR
THE RELIABILITY THEREOF. C. STUBB'S WARRANT WAS UNSUPPORTED BY
PROBABLE CAUSE: THERE IS AN INSUFFICIENT "NEXUS" BETWEEN STUBBS'
ALLEGED CRIMES, THE OBJECTS TO BE SEIZED, AND 332 LOCUST STREET."
II
{¶ 14} "THE GOOD FAITH EXCEPTION DOES NOT APPLY TO CURE THE
INSUFFICIENT SEARCH WARRANT IN STUBB'S CASE."
III
Coshocton County, Case No. 2019CA0020 5
{¶ 15} "THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FAILING TO MERGE STUBB'S COCAINE
OFFENSES."
I
{¶ 16} In his first assignment of error, Stubbs argues the warrant to search his
home was unsupported by probable cause for three reasons 1) the affiant did not
establish the reliability of affiants' information and did not corroborate that information
through investigation; 2) the only statements regarding criminal conduct by Stubbs was
double hearsay, and; 3) there was an insufficient nexus between the alleged crimes,
objects to be seized, and the place to be searched. We disagree.
Standard of Review
{¶ 17} As stated by the Supreme Court of Ohio in State v. Leak, 145 Ohio St.3d
165, 2016-Ohio-154, 47 N.E.3d 821, ¶ 12:
"Appellate review of a motion to suppress presents a mixed question
of law and fact." State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio5372, 797 N.E.2d 71, ¶ 8. In ruling on a motion to suppress, "the trial
court assumes the role of trier of fact and is therefore in the best
position to resolve factual questions and evaluate the credibility of
witnesses." Id., citing State v. Mills, 62 Ohio St.3d 357, 366, 582
N.E.2d 972 (1992). On appeal, we "must accept the trial court's
findings of fact if they are supported by competent, credible
Coshocton County, Case No. 2019CA0020 6
evidence." Id., citing State v. Fanning, 1 Ohio St.3d 19, 20, 437
N.E.2d 583 (1982). Accepting those facts as true, we must then
"independently determine as a matter of law, without deference to
the conclusion of the trial court, whether the facts satisfy the
applicable legal standard." Id.
{¶ 18} As the United States Supreme Court held in Ornelas v. U.S., 517 U.S. 690,
116 S.Ct. 1657, 1663, 134 L.Ed.2d 94 (1996), "…as a general matter determinations of
reasonable suspicion and probable cause should be reviewed de novo on appeal."
Probable Cause
{¶ 19} In determining whether there is probable cause for the issuance of a
warrant, courts employ a “totality-of-the-circumstances” test. This requires the issuing
judge or magistrate “to make a practical, common-sense decision whether, given all the
circumstances set forth in the affidavit * * * including the ‘veracity’ and ‘basis of knowledge’
of persons supplying hearsay information, there is a fair probability that contraband or
evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place.” State v. George, 45 Ohio St.3d
325, 329 (1989), quoting, Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 238 103 S.Ct. 2317, 76 L.Ed2d
527 (1983).
{¶ 20} In Gates, supra, the court elaborated upon the “fair probability” standard
applicable to the judge or magistrate's probable cause determination:
“ * * * ‘[T]he term “probable cause,” according to its usual acceptation,
means less than evidence which would justify condemnation * * *. It
Coshocton County, Case No. 2019CA0020 7
imports a seizure made under circumstances which warrant
suspicion’ [quoting from Locke v. United States (1813), 11 U.S. 339,
7 Cranch 339, 348, 3 L.Ed. 364]. More recently, we said that ‘the
quanta * * * of proof’ appropriate in ordinary judicial proceedings are
inapplicable to the decision to issue a warrant. Brinegar, 338 U.S., at
173 [69 S.Ct. 1302, 93 L.Ed. 1879]. Finely tuned standards such as
proof beyond a reasonable doubt or by a preponderance of the
evidence, useful in formal trials, have no place in the magistrate's
decision. * * * [I]t is clear that ‘only the probability, and not a prima
facie showing, of criminal activity is the standard of probable cause.’
Spinelli, 393 U.S., at 419 [89 S.Ct. 584, 21 L.Ed.2d 637]. See Model
Code of Pre-Arraignment Procedure § 210.1(7) (Prop. Off. Draft
1972); 1 W. LaFave, Search and Seizure § 3.2(e) (1978).”
Illinois v. Gates, supra, at 235.
{¶ 21} Accordingly, the standard for probable cause demands only a
demonstration that a fair probability of criminal activity exists, rather than a prima facie
demonstration of criminal activity. State v. George, 45 Ohio St.3d 325 329, 544 N.E.2d
640 (1989).
Hearsay and Informant Reliability
{¶ 22} Hearsay may serve as the basis for the issuance of a warrant as long as
there is a substantial basis for crediting the hearsay. United States v. Ventresca, 380 U.S.
Coshocton County, Case No. 2019CA0020 8
102, 108, 85 S.Ct. 741, 745, 13 L.Ed.2d 684 (1965). In Aguilar v. Texas (1964), 378 U.S.
108, 84 S.Ct. 1509, 12 L.Ed.2d 723 (1964), and Spinelli v. United States, 393 U.S. 410,
89 S.Ct. 584, 21 L.Ed.2d 637 (1969), the United States Supreme Court set forth a twopronged test to determine whether an informant's tip establishes probable cause to issue
of a warrant. Under that test, a magistrate must be informed of: (1) the basis of the
informants knowledge; and (2) sufficient facts to establish either the informant's veracity
or the reliability of the informant's information. Aguilar, at 114; Spinelli, at 413.
In Gates, however, the Court abandoned the Aguilar-Spinelli test in favor of a traditional
“totality of the circumstances” test for probable cause. Gates at 238. Nonetheless, the
Court specifically found that those two elements remain “ * * * relevant considerations in
the totality of circumstances analysis that traditionally has guided probable cause
determinations: a deficiency in one may be compensated for, in determining the overall
reliability of a tip, by a strong showing as to the other, or by some other indicia of
reliability.” Id. at 233. (Citations omitted.) Thus, the elements of the Aguilar-Spinelli test
remain relevant.
The Court Properly Found Probable Cause
{¶ 23} We have reviewed the record, including the recorded testimony of Detective
Bethel. While Stubbs accurately argues the affidavit did not outline the reliability of the
informants, and that statements regarding criminal conduct were hearsay, these facts do
not invalidate the warrant under the facts of this case.
{¶ 24} First, we find the statements by the informants to Bethel – that they had in
the past purchased cocaine from Stubbs using Kirkpatrick as a middle man – were
Coshocton County, Case No. 2019CA0020 9
established as credible through and corroborated by independent police investigation
during the January 24, 2019 controlled buy.
{¶ 25} The informant's knowledge began with Kirkpatrick and led to Stubbs. During
his testimony to obtain the warrant for Stubbs' home Detective Bethel stated:
These particular informants advised that Kirkpatrick sold cocaine
and said in the past the informant had gone to Mr. Kirkpatrick and
Mr. Kirkpatrick would go to a guy he called Rock who lived behind
the sheriff's office on Locust Street. The informants said Mr.
Kirkpatrick bragged about the fact that Rocky's cocaine was better
than anyone else's. * * * Then yesterday I set up a $900 purchase.
In the past Mr. Kirkpatrick would not allow the informants to ride with
him to Rocky's house. But yesterday he accepted a ride to Rocky's.
Joint Exhibit 2.
{¶ 26} Bethel went on to explain Kirkpatrick directed the informants to a home on
Locust Street where Bethel had determined Stubbs resided, and which officers had under
surveillance. Officers observed Kirkpatrick enter the residence alone and return five
minutes later. Kirkpatrick then turned the cocaine over to the informants. He further told
them Rocky was home alone, bored, snorting cocaine, and had Kirkpatrick snort a few
lines with him.
{¶ 27} This controlled buy provided sufficient facts to establish the reliability of the
informants' knowledge. The buy played out exactly as the informants had stated it would
Coshocton County, Case No. 2019CA0020 10
with the exception of Kirkpatrick accepting a ride to Stubbs' home. For the same reason,
it established Kirkpatrick's reliability as an unwitting informant.
{¶ 28} Further, the affidavit stated the informants and their car were searched
before the controlled buy and no contraband was found. It can therefore be inferred the
cocaine recovered by officers after the buy did not originate with the informants. So too,
Kirkpatrick did not provide the informants with cocaine until he exited Stubbs' residence.
From these facts it may be inferred Kirkpatrick did not have cocaine before entering
Stubbs's home, as otherwise he would have sold it to the informants himself. Additionally
these facts establish a nexus between Stubbs' crimes and the objects to be seized, further
bolster Kirkpatrick's reliability, and create a substantial basis for crediting the hearsay.
{¶ 29} For the forgoing reasons, we find no error in the trial court's probable cause
determination. Accordingly, the first assignment of error is overruled.
II
{¶ 30} Stubbs next argues the good faith exception does not apply to cure the
insufficient search warrant in this matter. Given our resolution of the first assignment of
error, however, we find it unnecessary to address Stubbs' second assignment of error.
III
{¶ 31} In his final assignment of error, Stubbs argues the trial court erred when it
failed to merge his cocaine offenses. We disagree.
{¶ 32} R.C. 2941.25 governs multiple counts and states the following:
(A) Where the same conduct by defendant can be construed to
constitute two or more allied offenses of similar import, the indictment
Coshocton County, Case No. 2019CA0020 11
or information may contain counts for all such offenses, but the
defendant may be convicted of only one.
(B) Where the defendant's conduct constitutes two or more offenses
of dissimilar import, or where his conduct results in two or more
offenses of the same or similar kind committed separately or with a
separate animus as to each, the indictment or information may
contain counts for all such offenses, and the defendant may be
convicted of all of them.
{¶ 33} In State v. Ruff, 143 Ohio St.3d 114, 2015-Ohio-995, 34 N.E.3d 892,
syllabus, the Supreme Court of Ohio held the following:
1. In determining whether offenses are allied offenses of similar
import within the meaning of R.C. 2941.25, courts must evaluate
three separate factors -- the conduct, the animus, and the import.
2. Two or more offenses of dissimilar import exist within the meaning
of R.C. 2941.25(B) when the defendant's conduct constitutes
offenses involving separate victims or if the harm that results from
each offense is separate and identifiable.
3. Under R.C. 2941.25(B), a defendant whose conduct supports
multiple offenses may be convicted of all the offenses if any one of
the following is true: (1) the conduct constitutes offenses of dissimilar
import, (2) the conduct shows that the offenses were committed
Coshocton County, Case No. 2019CA0020 12
separately, or (3) the conduct shows that the offenses were
committed with separate animus.
{¶ 34} The Ruff court explained at ¶ 26:
At its heart, the allied-offense analysis is dependent upon the facts
of a case because R.C. 2941.25 focuses on the defendant's conduct.
The evidence at trial or during a plea or sentencing hearing will reveal
whether the offenses have similar import. When a defendant's
conduct victimizes more than one person, the harm for each person
is separate and distinct, and therefore, the defendant can be
convicted of multiple counts. Also, a defendant's conduct that
constitutes two or more offenses against a single victim can support
multiple convictions if the harm that results from each offense is
separate and identifiable from the harm of the other offense. We
therefore hold that two or more offenses of dissimilar import exist
within the meaning of R.C. 2941.25(B) when the defendant's conduct
constitutes offenses involving separate victims or if the harm that
results from each offense is separate and identifiable.
{¶ 35} Stubbs was charged with three counts of trafficking in cocaine. He argues
that because all of the cocaine was found in one toolbox during the search of his home,
all three counts should merge. Specifically, he argues "* * * Stubbs's act was singular: he
Coshocton County, Case No. 2019CA0020 13
had cocaine stashed in a toolbox." Appellant's brief at 16. According to the record in this
matter, however, the first two counts of the indictment stemmed from two separate
controlled buys, rather than from from anything found in Stubbs' home.
{¶ 36} Counts one and two charged Stubbs under the same code sections, R.C.
2925.03(A)(1) and R.C. 2925.03(C)(4)(d). Count one was based on a controlled buy
which took place on January 24, 2019, while count two was a result of a controlled buy
which took place on January 29, 2019, shortly before Stubbs was served with the search
warrant. State's exhibit 1, indictment.
{¶ 37} Count three charged Stubbs with trafficking under R.C. 2925.03(A)(2) and
R.C. 2925.03(C)(4). This count charged Stubbs with preparing for shipment, transporting,
delivering, preparing for distribution, or distributing cocaine. Count three arose as the
result of the search of Stubbs' home which yielded evidence indicative of preparing
cocaine for distribution -- digital scales, baggies, various containers with white residue,
200 grams of cocaine in a toolbox, 9 cell phones, and a large sum of cash. Indictment,
search warrant return.
{¶ 38} Stubbs' crimes therefore were committed separately, on different dates, or
involved different conduct. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in failing to merge the
charges.
{¶ 39} The final assignment of error is overruled.
Coshocton County, Case No. 2019CA0020 14
Outcome: The judgment of the Coshocton County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.
Plaintiff's Experts:
Defendant's Experts:
Comments: